Diagnosis of Cancer
DEFINITION
CANCER SCREENING
Cancer screening tests are intended to determine the possibility of cancer. This test could reduce the number of deaths due to cancer, because if cancer is found at the earliest stage, can usually be treated before it spreads further. Screening tests are not definitive, the results confirmed or refuted by examination and further tests.
Although screening tests can save a life, but it is expensive and sometimes lead to psychological or physical reactions. Usually screening tests provide a large number of false positive results, which is thought to occur when the cancer is not. Screening tests can give false negative results, in which no evidence of a cancer when the cancer has occurred.
False-positive results can cause undue psychological stress and can lead to other tests done are expensive and dangerous. False-negative results can melenakan someone in a false sense of security. Because of that medical practitioners should carefully consider whether or not screening tests.
Two screening tests are the most widely used in women is Papanicolau test (Pap smear) to find cervical cancer and mammograms to find breast cancer. Both of these tests have reduced the death rate from these cancers.
Screening tests are often performed on men is measured levels of PSA (prostate-specific agent) in the blood. In patients with prostate cancer, PSA levels are high, but the levels are also increased in men with benign prostate enlargement. Disadvantages of this test is its high cost and frequent false-positive results found.
Other screening tests are often used is to check blood tersermbunyi (occult blood) in the feces. Occult blood can not be seen with the naked eye, should be an examination of stool samples. The discovery of occult blood in the stool are clues that something is wrong in the colon. Maybe some cancers, although other illnesses which may cause small amounts of blood in the stool.
Some screening tests can be done at home. For example, perform monthly breast self-examination is invaluable in helping women find breast cancer. Regularly check the penis can help men discover testicular cancer, a form of cancer that most curable if found at an early stage. Regularly check for sores in the mouth can help discover oral cancer in its early stages.
CANCER DIAGNOSIS
Since this type of cancer and its treatment varies, the diagnosis of cancer and determine its type is very important. This almost always requires taking a sample of tissue for examination under a microscope cancer. A number of special tests on samples of cancer tissue may be necessary to describe more about the cancer is found.
If the type of cancer is known, will assist clinicians in determining the inspection to be carried out, because every cancer tends to follow a certain pattern of growth and spread. In 7% of patients, examinations carried out to find the metastasis (spread) of cancer origin before observed.
Sometimes the origin of cancer can not be found.
Your doctor can usually determine the type of primary tumor with a biopsy of the metastatic cancer and examined under a microscope. However, the identification of cancer is not always easy and sure.
STADIUM DETERMINING CANCER
If cancer is found, staging examinations (staging) cancer helps the doctor plan the appropriate treatment and determine prognosis. A series of checks are used to determine the location of the tumor, its size, its growth into surrounding tissue and spread to other body parts.
Staging can be done using:
• Scan (eg liver or bone scan)
• Coloration
• CT (computed tomography) or MRI (magnetic resonance imaging)
• Mediastinoskopi
• A bone marrow biopsy.
Sometimes surgery is needed to determine the stage of cancer. For example, a laparotomy (abdominal surgery) allows surgeons to remove or treat colon cancer while determining the spread of cancer to nearby lymph nodes. Analysis of lymph nodes removed from the armpit at the time of mastectomy, helps determine how far breast cancer has spread and if necessary post-surgical therapy.
Splenectomy performed to remove the spleen and helps determine the stage of Hodgkin's disease. Skening ultrasonic procedure is non-invasive and painless, which uses sound waves to show the structure of the internal organs. This examination helps to determine the size of certain cancers, particularly cancers of kidney, liver, pelvis and prostate.
CT scans are used to find cancer in the brain, lungs and abdominal organs, including the adrenal glands, lymph nodes, liver and spleen.
Limfangiogram is an exam in which dye is injected into the leg and shooting X-rays done. These checks help find defects in the abdominal lymph nodes and determine the stage of Hodgkin's disease and testicular cancer.
With the MRI procedure can find brain cancer, bone and spinal cord.
DEFINITION
CANCER SCREENING
Cancer screening tests are intended to determine the possibility of cancer. This test could reduce the number of deaths due to cancer, because if cancer is found at the earliest stage, can usually be treated before it spreads further. Screening tests are not definitive, the results confirmed or refuted by examination and further tests.
Although screening tests can save a life, but it is expensive and sometimes lead to psychological or physical reactions. Usually screening tests provide a large number of false positive results, which is thought to occur when the cancer is not. Screening tests can give false negative results, in which no evidence of a cancer when the cancer has occurred.
False-positive results can cause undue psychological stress and can lead to other tests done are expensive and dangerous. False-negative results can melenakan someone in a false sense of security. Because of that medical practitioners should carefully consider whether or not screening tests.
Two screening tests are the most widely used in women is Papanicolau test (Pap smear) to find cervical cancer and mammograms to find breast cancer. Both of these tests have reduced the death rate from these cancers.
Screening tests are often performed on men is measured levels of PSA (prostate-specific agent) in the blood. In patients with prostate cancer, PSA levels are high, but the levels are also increased in men with benign prostate enlargement. Disadvantages of this test is its high cost and frequent false-positive results found.
Other screening tests are often used is to check blood tersermbunyi (occult blood) in the feces. Occult blood can not be seen with the naked eye, should be an examination of stool samples. The discovery of occult blood in the stool are clues that something is wrong in the colon. Maybe some cancers, although other illnesses which may cause small amounts of blood in the stool.
Some screening tests can be done at home. For example, perform monthly breast self-examination is invaluable in helping women find breast cancer. Regularly check the penis can help men discover testicular cancer, a form of cancer that most curable if found at an early stage. Regularly check for sores in the mouth can help discover oral cancer in its early stages.
CANCER DIAGNOSIS
Since this type of cancer and its treatment varies, the diagnosis of cancer and determine its type is very important. This almost always requires taking a sample of tissue for examination under a microscope cancer. A number of special tests on samples of cancer tissue may be necessary to describe more about the cancer is found.
If the type of cancer is known, will assist clinicians in determining the inspection to be carried out, because every cancer tends to follow a certain pattern of growth and spread. In 7% of patients, examinations carried out to find the metastasis (spread) of cancer origin before observed.
Sometimes the origin of cancer can not be found.
Your doctor can usually determine the type of primary tumor with a biopsy of the metastatic cancer and examined under a microscope. However, the identification of cancer is not always easy and sure.
STADIUM DETERMINING CANCER
If cancer is found, staging examinations (staging) cancer helps the doctor plan the appropriate treatment and determine prognosis. A series of checks are used to determine the location of the tumor, its size, its growth into surrounding tissue and spread to other body parts.
Staging can be done using:
• Scan (eg liver or bone scan)
• Coloration
• CT (computed tomography) or MRI (magnetic resonance imaging)
• Mediastinoskopi
• A bone marrow biopsy.
Sometimes surgery is needed to determine the stage of cancer. For example, a laparotomy (abdominal surgery) allows surgeons to remove or treat colon cancer while determining the spread of cancer to nearby lymph nodes. Analysis of lymph nodes removed from the armpit at the time of mastectomy, helps determine how far breast cancer has spread and if necessary post-surgical therapy.
Splenectomy performed to remove the spleen and helps determine the stage of Hodgkin's disease. Skening ultrasonic procedure is non-invasive and painless, which uses sound waves to show the structure of the internal organs. This examination helps to determine the size of certain cancers, particularly cancers of kidney, liver, pelvis and prostate.
CT scans are used to find cancer in the brain, lungs and abdominal organs, including the adrenal glands, lymph nodes, liver and spleen.
Limfangiogram is an exam in which dye is injected into the leg and shooting X-rays done. These checks help find defects in the abdominal lymph nodes and determine the stage of Hodgkin's disease and testicular cancer.
With the MRI procedure can find brain cancer, bone and spinal cord.
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