DEFINITION
As with other organs, the kidneys can sometimes develop cancer. In adults, type of kidney cancer is the most common renal cell carcinoma (renal adenocarcinoma, hipernefroma), derived from the cells lining the renal tubules. Most solid renal tumors (solid) is a cancer, while cysts (fluid-filled cavity) is usually benign.
CAUSE
Under normal circumstances, the cells in the urinary tract naturally grow and divide. But sometimes the cells begin to divide out of control and produce new cells even though the body does not need it. This will lead to the formation of a mass consisting redundant network, known as a tumor.
Not all tumors are cancerous (malignant). A malignant tumor called a malignant tumor. The cells of these tumors infiltrate and destroy surrounding tissue. These cells are also out of the original tumor and enter the bloodstream or lymphatic system and be carried to other parts of the body (a process known as tumor metastasis).
Cause mengganasnya kidney cells is unknown, but research has found that certain factors appear to increase the risk of kidney cancer. The risk of renal cell carcinoma increases with age. Cancer is most common in the age of 50-70 years. Men have two times greater risk than women.
Other risk factors are:
• Smoke
• Obesity
• High blood pressure (hypertension)
• Work environment (charcoal fire workers in steel mills are at high risk, as well as workers exposed to asbestos)
• Dialysis (chronic renal failure patients undergoing chronic dialysis are at high risk)
• Irradiation
• Von Hippel-Lindau disease.
SYMPTOMS
In the early stages, kidney cancer rarely causes symptoms. In later stages, the most common symptom is hematuria (blood in the urine). Hematuria can be known from the urine that appear reddish or known through urine analysis. High blood pressure occurs due to inadequate blood flow to some parts or all of the kidney, leading to the release of chemical messengers to increase blood pressure.
Secondary polycythemia caused by high levels of the hormone erythropoietin, which stimulates the bone marrow to increase red blood cell formation.
Other symptoms that may occur:
- Pain in the side of the affected kidney,
- Weight loss,
- Fatigue, and
- Intermittent fever.
Diagnosis
On physical examination, sometimes can be felt / feel a lump in the abdomen.
If kidney cancer is suspected, then do some of the following:
• Intravenous urography
• Ultrasound
• CT scan
• MRI can provide additional information about the spread of the tumor.
If the tumor is in the form of cysts, fluid samples can be taken for analysis. Aortografi and renal artery angiography can be done in preparation for surgery to provide additional information about the tumor and renal arteries.
TREATMENT
Currently, the standard treatment for cancer that is still confined to the kidney is surgery to remove the entire kidney (radical nefrotomi nefrektomi or simplex). In nefrektomi radical removal of the kidneys and adrenal glands on top of it, the tissue around the kidney and some lymph nodes. In nefrektomi simplex, removal of kidney only.
In artery embolization procedure, injected a substance into specific blood vessels leading to the kidneys. With clogging vessels, tumor be deprived of oxygen and other nutrients. Arterial embolization may be used before surgery or to reduce pain and bleeding if surgery is not possible. Artery embolization can cause nausea, vomiting or pain is temporary.
Radiation therapy is commonly used to reduce the pain of cancer that has spread to the bone. Side effects of radiation therapy where radiation is the skin becomes red or itchy, nausea and vomiting.
Immunotherapy uses the body's immune system to fight cancer. Given a substance known as biological response modifiers, such as interferon or interleukin-2. Normally, substances produced by the body and are also made in the laboratory to help treat the disease. Side effects that arise in the form of chills, fever, nausea, vomiting and loss of appetite.
Prognosis
If the cancer has not spread, then the removal of the affected kidney and lymph node removal will provide an opportunity to heal. If the tumor has infiltrated into the renal vein and has even reached the vena cava, but it has not spread far side of the body, then surgery can still give hope of healing. But kidney cancer tends to spread quickly, especially to the lungs.
If the cancer has spread to distant sites, the prognosis is bad because it can not be treated with radiation, chemotherapy or hormone.
As with other organs, the kidneys can sometimes develop cancer. In adults, type of kidney cancer is the most common renal cell carcinoma (renal adenocarcinoma, hipernefroma), derived from the cells lining the renal tubules. Most solid renal tumors (solid) is a cancer, while cysts (fluid-filled cavity) is usually benign.
CAUSE
Under normal circumstances, the cells in the urinary tract naturally grow and divide. But sometimes the cells begin to divide out of control and produce new cells even though the body does not need it. This will lead to the formation of a mass consisting redundant network, known as a tumor.
Not all tumors are cancerous (malignant). A malignant tumor called a malignant tumor. The cells of these tumors infiltrate and destroy surrounding tissue. These cells are also out of the original tumor and enter the bloodstream or lymphatic system and be carried to other parts of the body (a process known as tumor metastasis).
Cause mengganasnya kidney cells is unknown, but research has found that certain factors appear to increase the risk of kidney cancer. The risk of renal cell carcinoma increases with age. Cancer is most common in the age of 50-70 years. Men have two times greater risk than women.
Other risk factors are:
• Smoke
• Obesity
• High blood pressure (hypertension)
• Work environment (charcoal fire workers in steel mills are at high risk, as well as workers exposed to asbestos)
• Dialysis (chronic renal failure patients undergoing chronic dialysis are at high risk)
• Irradiation
• Von Hippel-Lindau disease.
SYMPTOMS
In the early stages, kidney cancer rarely causes symptoms. In later stages, the most common symptom is hematuria (blood in the urine). Hematuria can be known from the urine that appear reddish or known through urine analysis. High blood pressure occurs due to inadequate blood flow to some parts or all of the kidney, leading to the release of chemical messengers to increase blood pressure.
Secondary polycythemia caused by high levels of the hormone erythropoietin, which stimulates the bone marrow to increase red blood cell formation.
Other symptoms that may occur:
- Pain in the side of the affected kidney,
- Weight loss,
- Fatigue, and
- Intermittent fever.
Diagnosis
On physical examination, sometimes can be felt / feel a lump in the abdomen.
If kidney cancer is suspected, then do some of the following:
• Intravenous urography
• Ultrasound
• CT scan
• MRI can provide additional information about the spread of the tumor.
If the tumor is in the form of cysts, fluid samples can be taken for analysis. Aortografi and renal artery angiography can be done in preparation for surgery to provide additional information about the tumor and renal arteries.
TREATMENT
Currently, the standard treatment for cancer that is still confined to the kidney is surgery to remove the entire kidney (radical nefrotomi nefrektomi or simplex). In nefrektomi radical removal of the kidneys and adrenal glands on top of it, the tissue around the kidney and some lymph nodes. In nefrektomi simplex, removal of kidney only.
In artery embolization procedure, injected a substance into specific blood vessels leading to the kidneys. With clogging vessels, tumor be deprived of oxygen and other nutrients. Arterial embolization may be used before surgery or to reduce pain and bleeding if surgery is not possible. Artery embolization can cause nausea, vomiting or pain is temporary.
Radiation therapy is commonly used to reduce the pain of cancer that has spread to the bone. Side effects of radiation therapy where radiation is the skin becomes red or itchy, nausea and vomiting.
Immunotherapy uses the body's immune system to fight cancer. Given a substance known as biological response modifiers, such as interferon or interleukin-2. Normally, substances produced by the body and are also made in the laboratory to help treat the disease. Side effects that arise in the form of chills, fever, nausea, vomiting and loss of appetite.
Prognosis
If the cancer has not spread, then the removal of the affected kidney and lymph node removal will provide an opportunity to heal. If the tumor has infiltrated into the renal vein and has even reached the vena cava, but it has not spread far side of the body, then surgery can still give hope of healing. But kidney cancer tends to spread quickly, especially to the lungs.
If the cancer has spread to distant sites, the prognosis is bad because it can not be treated with radiation, chemotherapy or hormone.
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