Impotence Due Physical Factors

Impotence or erectile dysfunction is the inability of a man to maintain an erection long enough time to complete intercourse. So there is a problem and this problem can result in very serious (divorce). Impotence is happen because of an unhealthy lifestyle, excessive stress, and so forth. Impotence is now not only occurs in older men, but impotence can occur when young or adolescent.
Impotence is a lot going on at the beginning of old age that impotence is often associated as the aging process, but see how many teenagers today who have unhealthy lifestyles such as smoking, alcohol, etc., so many young men / teens who have experienced the problem of impotence. Many factors can lead to impotence, but most impotence occurs due to physical factors, psychological factors, and lifestyle factors. I will explain about the impotence that occurs due to physical factors.
Physical Factors Impotence.
In earlier times, the doctors agreed that impotence due to psychological problems, but now is not because of physical factors can also influence the occurrence of impotence. A study revealed that 79.9% of impotence occurs because there is a disease in the body.
For example, 60% of men who suffer from diabetes, he also suffered from impotence. And that is very regrettable is the man to know when the diabetes control erection problems to the doctor. In addition to diabetes, there are many diseases that can cause impotence, such as:
1. Heart disease.2. Hypertension / high blood pressure.3. High cholesterol.4. Liver and kidney disease.5. Parkinson's disease.6. Hormone and thyroid disorders.7. Injuries resulting in narrowing of the blood vessels, especially to the penis area.
For the problem of impotence caused by psychological factors and lifestyle, I will explain in the next article

Impotence In Adolescence

Now impotence not only occurs in old age, but the young man was experiencing. Impotence is the inability of a man to mepertahankan erection sufficient time.

The young man who felt that he was suffering from impotence will usually be very afraid and be very stressful, because they think that he is of no use anymore, they feel low self esteem, lack of confidence, and more. They feel so ashamed to tell the problem to the doctor, so impotence continues for many years to cause more severe.

Impotence treatment given by the doctor is usually in the form of drugs that have a powerful effect. Some physicians choose herbal medicines to be given to the patient because herbal medicines are safer for health.

Unfavorable lifestyle should be immediately stopped. Since this will have an impact on male sexual health. Less healthy foods, smoking, alcohol, and others will inhibit blood flow to the penis causing the penis to get an erection difficult.

Vitamin B3 Powerful Treat Impotence

Impotence is a common problem experienced by men. Definition of impotence I've discussed in other articles, but now I will explain again the sense of impotence. Impotence is the inability to sustain an erection during intercourse. If this happened in a long time, will lead to depression, frustration, and other problems.

Research carried out to cure impotence is to give Vitamin B3. This vitamin can be found aplenty in the meat, fish and vegetables. Vitamin B3 works by processing of fats in your body and increase blood flow in your body. If your blood flow smoothly, this will make your erections become harder and longer.

Vitamin B3 can be used as an alternative medicine to treat impotence. However, you should always consult your doctor for the best treatment. Men suffering from impotence should conduct a thorough check up, because usually men who suffer from impotence had diabetes and heart problems.

Whitish and How to Prevent

Leucorrhoea is a problem experienced by almost every woman. Whitish there are physiological (normal) and pathological (abnormal). If your discharge is not normal, this will have a negative impact on your health, especially on the part of your vagina. Problems whiteness often considered trivial, but if the white left unchallenged, will have a very serious problem. From start to infertility and death.

Whitish (fluorine Albus) is a state in the area of ​​your vagina that secrete excess fluid. If the fluid is normal, this is experienced by almost every woman. The characteristics that are normal vaginal discharge is a clear liquid, odorless, does not cause itching. This fluid does not come out too much or the numbers were, the liquid out before or after menstruation, when sexually aroused, and when you experience stress.

Vaginal discharge that is abnormal (pathological), is a whitish fluid that can harm you. characteristics is the color yellow to grayish, foul smelling hanyir up, causing itching in your vaginal area, and the amount of fluid that comes out more. Abnormal vaginal discharge is usually caused by fungi, viruses or parasites that are growing around the vagina or the top of your inside. If whiteness is ignored, can cause pain during urination.

How to prevent vaginal discharge:

• Maintain cleanliness of your vagina. wash your vagina with clean water that flows from the front to the shot.
• Reduce the use of antiseptics, as this could damage the PH balance of the vagina.
• Replacement pads regularly at least 3 times a day.
• Avoid promiscuous sexual intercourse.
• Perform routine inspections to the Gynecology

Whitish disease should be avoided and treated as soon as possible, because if the whitish long will be difficult to treat. And if you are already creeping into the vaginal cavity of the uterus and into the fallopian tubes, it can cause infertility.

Ten Symptoms of Early Pregnancy

The process of pregnancy is when the egg is in your uterus to meet the sperm cells, which will cause you to become pregnant. There are so many people who look forward to welcoming baby especially on married couples several years. You can do the testing using testpack, but you can feel the different early symptoms that you experience on the body.

What are the real early signs you're pregnant???

1. Shorter of breath.
If you're pregnant, you will feel breathless when walking. This is because the fetus in your womb is growing and he needs enough oxygen, so the oxygen supply in the body is divided into two, you and your baby.

2. Bigger Breasts (swelling).
If you feel the difference in your breast, it could be a sign you're pregnant. Breasts enlarge and become tender, and the color of your nipples become darker an early sign of pregnancy.

3. Fatigue.
You feel tired because of the hormone in your body increases. Fatigue is usually appear in your pregnancy trimester.

4. Nausea.
Nausea is a very common symptom when you're pregnant. Nausea usually occurs at the gestational age of 2.5 months, there is also experience nausea in the new 1-month gestation.

5. More Frequent urination.
Women who are pregnant will often urinate, because during pregnancy, the body needs extra fluids so that the bladder should also go the extra mile so that the liquid contained in your body remains normal.

6. Headaches / Dizziness.
Hormonal changes in your body due to pregnancy, it can cause you to suffer from headaches in early pregnancy. If you suffer from headaches, do not immediately take medication, because it could have this as a sign that you are pregnant.

7. Stomach Cramps.
In the process of pregnancy, Rahm will be widened to keep your baby and the baby's growth. This can cause you to experience stomach cramps.

8. Difficult Toilet.
If you are pregnant, the hormone progesterone that is in your body will increase. These hormones cause hard bowel movements and makes your stomach feel bloated.

9. Mood changes.
Mood swings a sign of pregnancy, due to hormones the body is adapting to your new hormones.

10. Senses Smell More Sensitive.
There are so many pregnant women who feel that the smell is more sensitive than usual. Sensitive sense of smell can also be a sign of pregnancy.

Depression Symptoms In Women

Women play a pivotal role in the household. Nearly 95 percent of women holding role. From start to cook, take care of children, clean up, etc.. Because it could have affected women's depressive symptoms because it is too stressful to take care of the household things. As a woman you have to recognize the symptoms of depression that occurs within yourself.

Common Symptoms of Depression:
There are some common symptoms that you are not aware of, such as feelings of sadness, worthlessness, etc.. You might just find that this is normal, but in fact this is a symptom of depression. Steer your relationships with friends, to a less enjoyable sex with her husband is a common early symptoms and depression in men and women.

Depression Symptoms Women:
Symptoms of depression that occurs in women usually are excessive eating or even vice versa. The anger, hurt instantly, sleep less, etc. are symptoms of depression that occurs in women.

What to Do?
For you are the husband who feels his wife have experienced these things, speak well. Solve the problem, remove all the stories that block, etc.. If you find it difficult to cope, call immediately psychologist that your problem can be resolved with your spouse. Depression is one of the reasons why you could be divorced by the age of marriage is still quite young

Tips For Difficult Sleep (Insomnia)

Sleep well is needed by everyone, but there are some people who have difficulty in performing activities of sleep. In fact, if we reduced hours of sleep, it is not good for our health. Here are some ways that you can do in a normal sleep activity.


Specify the sleep time

Try to go to bed at a predetermined time, to bed before 11 pm and wake up in the morning, do it every day, including weekends. If this sleep schedule broken it will cause insomnia.


Exercise before bed

Try to discriminate mild exercises about 20 to 30 minutes a day. Exercise every day will help easy to sleep. Try to exercise about 5 to 6 hours before you go to bed.


Avoid caffeine, nicotine, and alcohol

Avoid drinks that contain caffeine such as coffee, chocolate, soft drinks, tea, and diet drugs, because caffeine makes people awake from sleep. For smokers usually tend to her only briefly, and often up early in the morning due to the effects of nicotine. Alcohol too, could not make the bed longer or make eye always awake.


Relax before bed

Better warm bath, reading, or doing a routine that makes it easier to fall asleep. You can train yourself to associate certain activities with bed rest and make it a part of your sleep.


Sleep until the sun shines

If possible, the incoming sunlight from the window to wake you up in the morning, or use bright lights dikamar you. Wake up and direct morning sunlight is very good for those who have trouble sleeping problems.


Do not lie in bed if not sleepy

If you can not sleep, do not lie in bed. Because it can cause anxiety that could be potentially affected by sleep and insomnia. Try to do something else, like reading, watching television, or listening to music, until you feel tired.


Control the room temperature

Maintain a comfortable temperature in the bedroom. Summer temperatures may disrupt sleep or prevent you from sleeping.


Go to a doctor if your sleeping problem is not resolved

If you are having problems difficult to sleep at night, or if you always feel tired the next day, then you might need a doctor. Treatment from a doctor may be able to help you, Most sleep disorders can be treated effectively, which in turn helps you get a good sleep at night

Aarskog-Scott Syndrome Definition

DEFINITION
Aarskog-Scott syndrome is a hereditary disease characterized by short stature, facial abnormalities, bone and genital anomalies. Aarskog-Scott syndrome (AAS) is also known as Aarskog syndrome, faciodigitogenital syndrome, shawl scrotum syndrome and dysplasia faciogenital.


SYMPTOMS
Aarskog-Scott syndrome is a disorder with short stature, hypertelorism, palpebral fissure downslanting, anteverted nose, joint weakness, shawl scrotum, and mental retardation. Physical phenotype varies with age and male postpuberal may only have a small residual manifestation of prepuberal phenotype.
 

Growth
        mild to moderate short stature proved to 1-3 years
        delayed adolescent growth spurt
    Performance
        slightly (dull normal) to moderate mental deficiency
        attention deficit and hyperactivity
        social performance is usually better

Face
        round face
        o widow's peak hair
        wide-set eyes (hypertelorism)
        melancholy eyelid (blepharoptosis)
        downslanting slit eye (palpebral fissures)
        Small nose with nostrils tipped forward (anteverted)
        retarded middle part of the face (jaw)
        wide groove above the upper lip (philtrum broad)
        crease below the lower lip
        delayed tooth eruption
        the top (upper helix) of the ear folded over slightly

Hands and feet
        small, broad hands and feet
        short fingers and toes (brakhidaktili)
        be curved out of 5 fingers (clinodactyly)
        mild interdigital webbing, between fingers and toes
        single transverse "monkey creases" in the palm of the hand
        broad thumbs and big toes

Neck
        short neck
        webbing of the neck

Chest
        mild pectus excavatum (sunken chest)

Abdomen
        protruding navel
        inguinal hernia

Genitalia
        Shawl Scrotum
        not dropped testicles


GENETICS
Aarskog-Scott syndrome is transmitted as an X-linked recessive. The girls are at risk of 50% of the carriers affected by the syndrome. The daughters of female carriers are at risk of 50% of the operator to be yourself. Women may have mild manifestations of the syndrome. This syndrome is caused by mutations in a gene called FGDY1 in band p11.21 on chromosome X.


Pathophysiology
Aarskog-Scott syndrome is due to mutations in the gene FGD1. FGD1 encode guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) that specifically activate Cdc42, a member of the family (Ras homology) of the p21 Rho GTPases. By activating Cdc42, FGD1 protein stimulates fibroblasts to form filopodia, cytoskeletal elements involved in signaling cellular adhesion, and migration. Through Cdc42, FGD1 protein also activates c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) signaling cascade, a pathway that regulates cell growth, apoptosis, and cellular differentiation.

In the developing mouse skeleton, FGD1 protein expressed in mesenchymal condensations precartilaginous, the perichondrium and periosteum, proliferating chondrocytes, and osteoblasts. These results suggest that FGD1 signaling may play a role in the biology of several different cell types including prechondrocytes framework mesenchymal, chondrocytes, and osteoblasts. Characterizing spatiotemporal patterns of expression in mouse embryos FGD1 have provided important clues for understanding the pathogenesis of Aarskog-Scott syndrome.

It seems likely that the primary defect in Aarskog-Scott syndrome is a disorder of FGD1/Cdc42 signals generated in the development of embryonic anomalies and abnormal bone formation endochondral and intramembranous.


Diagnosis
Genetic testing may be available to a mutation in the gene FGDY1. Genetic counseling is indicated for individuals or families who may carry this condition, because there are overlapping features with fetal alcohol syndrome.


TREATMENT
Surgery may be necessary to correct some anomalies, and orthodontic treatment can be used to repair multiple facial abnormalities. Exam ineffective growth hormone to treat short stature in this disorder.


Prognosis
Mild degrees of mental slowness may be there, but children affected usually have good social skills. Some men may exhibit reduced fertility.

Some recent findings include cystic changes in the brain and generalized seizures. There may be trouble growing in the first year of life in up to one third of the cases. Aligned teeth may require orthodontic correction. An undescended testis will require surgery.

Adenylosuccinate lyase deficiency (MIM 103050, ADSL) is a rare autosomal recessive disease causes severe mental retardation and / or autism features.1, 2 seizures frequently observed (80%), 3 vary in age of onset (from newborn to end childhood childhood) and natural (tonic-clonic, "burst suppression" pattern, West syndrome, etc), and is often resistant to all treatment. About 50% of autistic children shows such as microcephaly behaviour.4 rare (1/13 cases reported). Non-specific anomalies of the brain, such as hypoplasia of the vermis, brain atrophy, 5 lack of myelination, white matter anomalies 6, 7 and lissencephaly4 often portrayed.

Other complications: • Low self-esteem • Social difficulties related to physical problems • Male infertility in those with both undescended testes • Problems with the structure of the heart • Accumulation of fluid in the body tissues (lymphedema, cystic hygroma) • Failure to thrive in infants

Articles About Huntington's Disease

DEFINITION
Huntington's disease (Huntington korea) is a hereditary disease in which the jerk or spasm and loss of brain cells gradually begin to appear in middle age and develop into korea, atetosis and mental deterioration.

Disease began vaguely, that the age of first occurrence of the disease is difficult to determine. Symptoms usually begin to appear at age 35-40 years.


CAUSE
The gene for Huntington's disease is dominant; children of parents who suffer from this disease have a 50% chance of developing Huntington's disease.


SYMPTOMS
In the early stages of this disease, abnormal movements mixed with the movement being done by people that are abnormal movements barely noticed. But gradually it became clear abnormal movements.

Ultimately abnormal movements that occur will affect the entire body so that it is almost impossible conducting patient eat, dress and even sat in silence.

Mental changes initially vague. Patients gradually become irritable and easily excited, they may lose interest in daily activities. Furthermore, the patient became irresponsible and often travel without a definite purpose. Patients lose control over his desires and become promiscuous (having sexual relations with anyone.

Years later, the patient will lose his memory and lose their ability to think rationally. Patients with severe depression and suicide attempts.

In later stages, almost all patients have impaired function and patients require help from others to carry out its functions. Death is often triggered by pneumonia or a fall, which usually occurs 13-15 years after the onset of the first symptoms.


Diagnosis
In a CT scan will look distinctive changes in the brain.


TREATMENT
Medications only help reduce the symptoms and control the behavior of the patient, but can not cure the disease.


PREVENTION
For a family with a history of Huntington's disease, should have genetic counseling and examination to determine lower risk of the disease to their children.

Articles About Microcehalus

DESCRIPTION
Microcephaly is a medical condition in which the head circumference smaller than normal because the brain has not developed properly or has stopped growing. Microcephaly appear at birth or may develop in the first few years of life.

It is most commonly caused by a genetic disorder that interferes with the growth abnormalities of the cerebral cortex during the early months of fetal development. It is associated with Down syndrome, chromosomal syndromes, and neurometabolic syndromes. Babies may be born with microcephaly if during pregnancy the mother had a habit of abusing drugs or alcohol, infected with cytomegalovirus, rubella virus, poisoned by certain chemicals.


SYMPTOMS
symptoms in infants:
# Mental retardation,
# Delayed motor functions and speech,
# Facial abnormalities
# Short stature,
# hyperactive
# Seizures,
# Difficulty with coordination and balance
# Neurological abnormalities.


TREATMENT
There is no treatment for microcephaly that can return a child's head to a normal size or shape. Treatment focuses on ways to reduce the impact of disability and related neurological disabilities. Children with microcephaly and developmental delays are usually evaluated by a pediatric neurologist and followed by medical management team

Muscle dystrophy, Duchenne and Becker

DEFINITION
Duchenne and Becker muscle dystrophy is a disease that causes weakness in the muscles close to the trunk.


CAUSE
Abnormalities of the gene that causes Duchenne muscular dystrophy different gene abnormalities that cause Becker muscular dystrophy, but both occur in this sama.Gen gene is recessive and carried by the X chromosome

A woman can carry the gene but does not suffer from the disease because the normal X chromosome can compensate for abnormal gene from the other X chromosome. Each man received a defective X chromosome will suffer from this disease.

Boys who suffer from Duchenne muscular dystrophy muscle protein deficiency an important, namely dystrophin, which is thought to play a role in maintaining the structure of muscle cells. 20-30 among 100,000 infants born male, suffering from Duchenne muscular dystrophy.

The boy who suffered from muscular dystrophy Becker produce dystrophin but its size is too large and does not function as it should. This disease occurs in 3 of every 100,000 boys.


SYMPTOMS
Duchenne muscle dystrophy

Usually first occurs in boys aged 3-7 years, in the form of weakness in or around the hips. Usually followed by muscle weakness in the shoulder and getting worse.

In addition to experiencing weakness, muscle is also enlarged, but not strong muscle tissue.
In about 90% of patients also is enlarged and the weakness of the heart muscle, causing heart rate abnormalities that can be seen on an EKG.

The patient walks like a duck, frequent falls, difficulty in climbing stairs and difficulty when rising from a seated position. The muscles of the arms and legs usually contract around the joint, so that the elbows and knees could not be straightened completely.

In the end can happen curved spinal disorders (scoliosis).
At the age of 10-12 years, most people have to sit in a wheelchair.

Worsening weakness also causes patients susceptible to pneumonia and other diseases, and many died at the age of 20 years.

Muscle dystrophy Becker

Symptoms resembling Duchenne muscular dystrophy, but lighter. Symptoms first appeared at the age of 10 years. When reaching the age of 16 years, very few people who have to sit in a wheelchair and more than 90% who survive to age 20 years.


OTHER muscular dystrophy

Muscles Landouzy-Dejerine dystrophy inherited through an autosomal dominant gene, and therefore only one abnormal gene that can cause disease and can occur in both men and women. This disease usually starts at the age of 7-20 years.

Its always affected are the face and shoulder muscles, so patients have difficulty in lifting his arm, whistling or closing his eyes tightly. Some sufferers also experience weakness in the lower limbs, making it difficult to bend the foot toward the ankle (footdrop, legs drooping). Weakness that occurs is usually not too heavy and the patient has a normal life expectancy.

Limb-girdle muscle dystrophy causes weakness in the hip muscles (muscular dystrophy Leyden-M? Anesthetic) or shoulder muscles (muscular dystrophy Erb). This hereditary disease usually appear in adulthood and rarely causes severe weakness.

Mitochondrial myopathy is an inherited muscle diseases occur when the faulty gene in the mitochondria (the energy source for cells) derived through the cytoplasm of the mother's egg cell.

Mitochondria carry their own genes. In the process of fertilization of sperm mitochondria do not give, then all mitochondrial genes come from the mother. Because of this disease is never derived from the father.
This disease often causes muscle weakness in a group, for example the eye muscles (oftalmoplegia).


Diagnosis
Diagnosis is based on symptoms and physical examination. Blood tests showed an increase in creatinine kinase enzyme that out dar muscle cells. However, elevated levels of these enzymes do not always indicate the presence of muscular dystrophy because it can also be caused by other muscle diseases.

Muscle biopsy is performed to ensure the diagnosis. Microscopic examination showed yangmati tissue and muscle fibers are abnormally wide. In later stages, the dead muscle tissue is replaced by fat and other tissues.

To confirm the diagnosis of Duchenne muscular dystrophy performed electromyography and nerve delivery assessment.


TREATMENT
Duchenne and Becker muscular dystrophy can be cured. Physical therapy and exercise will help prevent wrinkling muscles around the joints settle. Sometimes surgery is necessary to relieve muscle pain.

Treatment is still in the early stages of research are:
- Prednisone (corticosteroids) that can temporarily relieve muscle weakness
- Genetic therapy that allows the muscle to produce dystrophin.


PREVENTION
Someone who suffers from Duchenne or Becker muscular dystrophy are encouraged to perform genetic counseling for possible chain pass the disease to their children.

Articles About Kidney Cancer

DEFINITION
As with other organs, the kidneys can sometimes develop cancer. In adults, type of kidney cancer is the most common renal cell carcinoma (renal adenocarcinoma, hipernefroma), derived from the cells lining the renal tubules. Most solid renal tumors (solid) is a cancer, while cysts (fluid-filled cavity) is usually benign.


CAUSE
Under normal circumstances, the cells in the urinary tract naturally grow and divide. But sometimes the cells begin to divide out of control and produce new cells even though the body does not need it. This will lead to the formation of a mass consisting redundant network, known as a tumor.

Not all tumors are cancerous (malignant). A malignant tumor called a malignant tumor. The cells of these tumors infiltrate and destroy surrounding tissue. These cells are also out of the original tumor and enter the bloodstream or lymphatic system and be carried to other parts of the body (a process known as tumor metastasis).

Cause mengganasnya kidney cells is unknown, but research has found that certain factors appear to increase the risk of kidney cancer. The risk of renal cell carcinoma increases with age. Cancer is most common in the age of 50-70 years. Men have two times greater risk than women.

Other risk factors are:
•    Smoke
•    Obesity
•    High blood pressure (hypertension)
•    Work environment (charcoal fire workers in steel mills are at high risk, as well as workers exposed to asbestos)
•    Dialysis (chronic renal failure patients undergoing chronic dialysis are at high risk)
•    Irradiation
•    Von Hippel-Lindau disease.

SYMPTOMS
In the early stages, kidney cancer rarely causes symptoms. In later stages, the most common symptom is hematuria (blood in the urine). Hematuria can be known from the urine that appear reddish or known through urine analysis. High blood pressure occurs due to inadequate blood flow to some parts or all of the kidney, leading to the release of chemical messengers to increase blood pressure.

Secondary polycythemia caused by high levels of the hormone erythropoietin, which stimulates the bone marrow to increase red blood cell formation.

Other symptoms that may occur:
- Pain in the side of the affected kidney,
- Weight loss,
- Fatigue, and
- Intermittent fever.


Diagnosis
On physical examination, sometimes can be felt / feel a lump in the abdomen.

If kidney cancer is suspected, then do some of the following:
•    Intravenous urography
•    Ultrasound
•    CT scan
•    MRI can provide additional information about the spread of the tumor.
If the tumor is in the form of cysts, fluid samples can be taken for analysis. Aortografi and renal artery angiography can be done in preparation for surgery to provide additional information about the tumor and renal arteries.


TREATMENT
Currently, the standard treatment for cancer that is still confined to the kidney is surgery to remove the entire kidney (radical nefrotomi nefrektomi or simplex). In nefrektomi radical removal of the kidneys and adrenal glands on top of it, the tissue around the kidney and some lymph nodes. In nefrektomi simplex, removal of kidney only.

In artery embolization procedure, injected a substance into specific blood vessels leading to the kidneys. With clogging vessels, tumor be deprived of oxygen and other nutrients. Arterial embolization may be used before surgery or to reduce pain and bleeding if surgery is not possible. Artery embolization can cause nausea, vomiting or pain is temporary.

Radiation therapy is commonly used to reduce the pain of cancer that has spread to the bone. Side effects of radiation therapy where radiation is the skin becomes red or itchy, nausea and vomiting.

Immunotherapy uses the body's immune system to fight cancer. Given a substance known as biological response modifiers, such as interferon or interleukin-2. Normally, substances produced by the body and are also made in the laboratory to help treat the disease. Side effects that arise in the form of chills, fever, nausea, vomiting and loss of appetite.

Prognosis
If the cancer has not spread, then the removal of the affected kidney and lymph node removal will provide an opportunity to heal. If the tumor has infiltrated into the renal vein and has even reached the vena cava, but it has not spread far side of the body, then surgery can still give hope of healing. But kidney cancer tends to spread quickly, especially to the lungs.

If the cancer has spread to distant sites, the prognosis is bad because it can not be treated with radiation, chemotherapy or hormone.

Cancer and the Immune System

DEFINITION
TUMOR ANTIGEN

Antigens are foreign substances known and is a target to be destroyed by the immune system. Antigen found on the surface of all cells, but in normal circumstances, a person's immune system does not react to his cell alone.

If a cell becomes cancerous, a new antigen (which is not recognized by the immune system) appears in the cell surface. The immune system may recognize new antigens, called tumor antigen, as foreign and can transport or destroy cancer cells. But the immune system is functioning baikpun not always able to destroy all the cancer cells.

Tumor antigens have been found in several types of cancer, ie malignant melanoma, osteosarcoma (bone cancer) and some gastrointestinal cancers. Cancer patients had antibodies against tumor antigens. Antigens are usually not sufficient immune responses for the control of cancer. It seems that the antibodies are not able to destroy cancer and sometimes even stimulate growth.

Antigens are released into the bloodstream by some cancers can be found in blood tests. Antigen is sometimes called a tumor marker (tumor marker). More widely used tumor markers in the diagnosis and treatment of cancer. For example, blood tests may help clarify whether cancer treatment is effective or not. If tumor markers are no longer found in the blood sample, the possibility of treatment has been successful. If the tumor marker disappears and then appears again, the possibility of cancer has relapsed.

Antigen karsinoembrionik (Carcinoembryonik antigen, CEA) is a tumor antigen is found in the blood of patients with cancer of the colon, breast, pancreas, bladder, ovary or cervix. High levels of antigen can also be found in heavy cigarette smokers and patients with liver cirrhosis or ulcerative colitis. Because of the high levels of CEA does not necessarily indicate the presence of cancer. Measurement of CEA levels in someone who has been undergoing treatment for cancer, it helps to know the recurrence of cancer.

Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) is normally produced by the liver cells, are found in the blood of patients with liver cancer (hepatoma). AFP is often found in people with certain ovarian cancer or testicular cancer and in children and young adults suffering from pituitary gland tumor.

Beta-human chorionic gonadotropin (?-HCG) is a hormone produced during pregnancy, which is the basis for prenatal care.
This hormone is also found in women who had cancer that originates in the placenta and in men suffering from testicular cancer. ?-HCG is a very sensitive tumor marker. Its use in monitoring the effects of treatment have helped to improve the cure rate of this cancer by more than 95%.

Levels of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) in men with high benign prostate enlargement and is higher in men with prostate cancer. What causes high levels of this antigen is not yet clear, but men with elevated PSA levels should undergo further examination for prostate cancer. Monitoring of PSA levels after a cancer treatment can be explained if the cancer has come back or not.

CA-125 levels in the blood increased in women with ovarian diseases, including cancer. Because ovarian cancer is often difficult to diagnose, some experts advocate for cancer screening test for CA-125 in women over 40 years. However, these screening tests are less reliable because it is less sensitive and less specific.

In breast cancer, increased levels of CA 15-3; pancreatic cancer increased levels of CA 19-5; levels in multiple myeloma and beta2;-microglobulin increased and testicular cancer, increased levels of lactate dehydrogenase. But none of that can be used for cancer screening. This check is used to monitor the response to treatment in patients with cancer.


Immunotherapy

To improve the ability of the immune system to find and destroy cancer, researchers have created a biological response modifier (biological response modifiers).

They are used for the following functions:
•    Stimulate the body's anti-tumor response by increasing the number of killer cells or tumor produces 1 or more of the chemical messenger (mediator)
•    It directly serves as an agent or a tumor killer chemical messengers
•    Reducing the body's normal mechanisms to suppress the immune response
•    Changing the tumor cells to increase their likelihood of triggering an immune response or make tumor cells more likely to be destroyed by the immune system
•    Improving the body's tolerance to radiation therapy or the chemicals used in chemotherapy.

Biological response modifiers of the best known and most widely used are interferon. Under normal circumstances, almost all human cells produce interferon, interferon but can also be made by recombinant molecular biology techniques.

Although the mechanism of action is not fully clear, interferon plays a role in the treatment of some cancers. Outstanding response (including healing) has occurred in approximately 30% of patients with Kaposi's sarcoma, 20% of young people with chronic leukemia mielogenous and 15% of patients with renal cell carcinoma.

Interferon prolong the disease-free period which is expected in patients who experienced healing from multiple myeloma and some forms of lymphoma.

In therapy killer cells (killer cell therapy), lymphocytes from cancer patients are removed from the blood sample. In the laboratory, conducted for exposure to lymphocytes with interleukin-2 (a T cell growth factor), to create a cell-lymphokine activated killer cells, which will be injected back into the patient through a vein. These cells are better trained than the body's natural cells to find and destroy cancer cells.

Approximately 25-30% of patients with malignant melanoma or renal cancer respond well to therapy lymphokine activated killer cells, but treatment is still under investigation.

Therapeutics (antibodies) to increase the production of humoral antibodies by the body. Materials such as tuberculosis are attenuated bacteria, which are known to increase the immune response, has been attempted in several cancers. Tuberculosis bacteria inject directly into a melanoma is almost always causes shrinking of cancer. Sometimes the effect is spread to the tumor that had metastasized throughout the body (metastasis).

Tuberculosis bacterium has also been successfully used to control bladder cancer that has not spread to the bladder wall. Other experimental approaches linking tumor-specific antibodies with anticancer drugs. Antibodies made in the laboratory and injected into the patient, will bring drugs into cancer cells.

Another option is a laboratory-made antibody that can be attached to both the cancer cells and the killer lymphocytes and thus integrate both lymphocyte killer cells to destroy cancer cells. Recent research gives hope for new treatments. Some of them use part of oncogenes, which are important in the regulation and growth of cells.

Cancer and Other Growth in Mouth

DEFINITION
Growth of benign (non-cancerous, benign) and malignant growth (cancer, malignant) can be derived from different tissues in and around the mouth, including the bones, muscles and nerves. Cancers that originate from the lining of the mouth or the so-called surface tissue carcinoma, a cancer that originates from a deeper jariangan called sarcomas.

Although rare, cancer is found in the mouth can come from other parts of the body, especially the lungs, breast and prostate. Cancer with less than 1 cm in diameter can usually be treated easily. But most cancers are not diagnosed until the cancer has spread to lymph nodes jaw and neck. Since the late discovery of this cancer, then 25% of oral cancers are fatal.


CAUSE
Highest risk was found in alcohol drinkers and tobacco smokers. Approximately two-thirds of oral cancers occur in men. Cigarette smoking is more likely to cause oral cancer than smoking a cigar or through pipes. Spotting smokers (a flat brown spots) may appear on the side where a cigarette or pipe is usually placed on the lips. With a biopsy, can determine whether it is malignant spots or not.

Repeated irritation due to the sharp edges of broken teeth, fillings or dentures can be an additional risk for oral cancer. People who have had oral cancer have a higher risk of developing other cancers.


SYMPTOMS
Oral cancer most likely to occur at the edges of the tongue, floor of the mouth and the soft palate (the back part of the roof of the mouth). Cancer of the tongue and floor of the mouth is usually a squamous cell carcinoma. Kaposi's sarcoma is a cancer of the blood vessels close to the skin. Kaposi's sarcoma is often found in the mouth (usually on the roof of the mouth) with AIDS.

In people who chew tobacco and tobacco smoke, the inside of the cheeks and lips are often found cancer. This cancer is a slow-growing carcinoma verukosa. Melanoma is a cancer that usually occurs in the skin, and are less common in the mouth.

An area in the mouth that turn into brown or darker than normal may be a melanoma and should be seen by a physician or dentist. Melanoma should be distinguished from pigmented areas are normally found in the mouth, which often occurs in some families, and especially in the Mediterranean people and black people.

- Tongue
In the early stages, tongue cancer is not painful and is usually found on routine dental examination. Cancer usually grows at the edge of the tongue. Almost never in the tongue but in someone who has had syphilis untreated for several years. Squamous cell carcinoma of the tongue often look like open sores (ulcers) and tend to grow into the underlying tissues.

Erythroplakia (red areas in the mouth) is a sign of cancer. Someone with erythroplakia on the edge of his tongue should immediately see a doctor or dentist.

- Basic Mouth
In the early stages, cancer of the mouth is not painful and is usually found on routine dental examination. Cancer of the mouth is usually a squamous cell carcinoma, which looks like an open wound and tend to grow into the underlying structures.

Anyone who has reddish spots (erythroplakia) at the bottom of his mouth, should immediately see a doctor or dentist because it could be an indication of the presence of cancer.

- Soft palate
Cancer of the soft palate can be a squamous cell carcinoma or cancer that starts in the minor salivary gland in the soft palate. Squamous cell carcinoma often looks like an open wound. Cancer that starts in the minor salivary glands usually appear as a small swelling.

- Layers Mouth
If the inner layer of a moist mouth (oral mucosa) become irritated for a long time, can form a flat white patches (leukoplakia). The white spots due to a thickening of the keratin layer, the material that covers the outer layer of the skin and in normal circumstances present in an amount that is not too much in the oral mucosa.

Unlike other white patches in the mouth (due to buildup of food, bacteria or fungi), leukoplakia can not be cleaned. Most of the leukoplakia is a response to protect against further injury. But in the process of formation of this protective cover, some cells can become malignant. Instead, erythroplakia (reddish spots in the mouth) is a result of the depletion of mucous membranes. These areas appear reddish because the capillaries (tiny blood vessels) under more visible.

Erythroplakia more a sign of cancer worse than leukoplakia. Someone with red patches in the mouth should immediately see a doctor or dentist. Ulcer is a hole formed in the mucosa when the top layer of mucous cells were destroyed and damaged, so that the underlying tissue visible. An ulcer appears white because the cells that die in the pit.

Mouth ulcers often occur due to injury or irritation of the tissue, for example, if inadvertently the inside of the cheek bitten or scratched. Another cause is thrush and irritant substances, such as smoked aspirin on the gums. Always benign ulcer pain. An ulcer that does not hurt and settled for more than 10 days may be pre-cancerous or cancerous and should be examined by a doctor or dentist. In a person who has a habit of chewing tobacco or tobacco smoke, white bumps can occur on the inner cheek. These bumps may develop into squamous verukosa.

- Gums
A lump or protrusion on gum is not something that makes us wary. If the cause is not a periodontal abscess or dental abscess, may be a non-cancerous growth caused by irritation.

Non-cancerous growths are relatively frequent and, if necessary, usually removed easily through pembdahan. In 10-40% of patients, non-cancerous growth of these recurring irritation persists. If the cause of irritation is the lack of proper dentures located, it should be repaired or replaced.

- Lips
Lips (especially the lower lip), the site of damage due to sunlight (actinic keilosis), so lips look chapped and red, white or a mix of red and white. To determine whether these spots are malignant or not, can do a biopsy.

Cancer in the outer lip is more common in hot climates. Cancer of the lips or the mouth often feels hard as a rock and stick to the underlying tissue, while non-cancerous lumps in this area can be moved. Abnormalities of the upper lip is less common than the lower lip, but it is more likely to be malignant and require medical attention.

Chewing or sucking on tobacco, can grow white bumps on the inside lip. These lumps can grow into squamous verukosa.

- Salivary Glands
Salivary gland tumors may be benign and malignant. Tumors can occur in one of the three pairs of major salivary glands:
- Parotid gland (at the edge of the face, in front of the ear)
- Submandibuler glands (under the jaw edge)
- Sublingual gland (at the base of the mouth, in front of the tongue).

Tumors can also occur in the minor salivary glands scattered throughout most of the oral mucosa. Growth in the early stages may not be painful. Malignant tumors tend to grow rapidly and palpable hard.

- Jaws
Different types of non-cancerous cysts cause pain and swelling of the jaw. These cysts are often grown alongside the experienced wisdom teeth impacted (trapped in the jaws so it can not grow out) and although not malignant, cysts can damage a number of jaw bone area. Certain types of cysts tend to be recurrent.

Odontoma is a non-cancerous growth of the cells forming the teeth that looked like a small gear changing shape. Odontoma could take the place of the normal teething or inhibit the growth of normal teeth, so it is often removed surgically.

Jaw cancer often causes pain and numbness. X-rays are not always able to distinguish cancer from cysts, bone growth in non-cancer or cancer that has spread from elsewhere in the body. X-rays usually show an irregular edge of jaw cancer and may indicate that the cancer has undermined the roots of nearby teeth. Biopsy is performed to confirm the diagnosis of cancer of the jaw.


TREATMENT
Avoiding sunlight reduces the risk of lip cancer. Avoid excessive alcohol and tobacco, can prevent almost all oral cancers. Other prevention are the edges of a broken tooth or a patch. Anti-oxidant vitamins (vitamin C and E, beta-carotene) providing additional protection.

If the damage due to the sun on a wide lip area, lip shaving can be done, where the outermost layer of lip selurah removed, either by surgery or by laser, to prevent the development of cancer. The success of treatment of cancer of the mouth and lips are very dependent on how far the cancer has progressed. Oral cancers rarely spread to distant areas of the body but tend to creep into the head and neck.

If all the cancer and normal tissue around the cancer removed before the cancer spreads to the lymph nodes, the high recovery rate. If the cancer has spread to the lymph nodes, rare healing. At surgery, in addition to the cancer of the mouth, also raised the lymph nodes under the jaw and in the back and along the neck.

Patients with cancer of the mouth or throat may undergo radiation therapy and surgery or radiation alone only. Radiation therapy often damage the salivary glands and cause a dry mouth sufferers, which can lead to cavitation (dental caries) and other dental problems.

Jawbone exposed to radiation will not heal properly, therefore treatable dental problems prior to radiation therapy. Teeth that are suspected to cause a problem, it should be repealed. Oral hygiene is essential for patients who have undergone radiation therapy for oral cancer. Gains from chemotherapy is very limited. The main therapy is surgery and radiation.

Immunotherapy

DEFINITION
Immunotherapy is used to stimulate the immune system against cancer. For example, a vaccine composed of antigens derived from tumor cells can boost the body's production of antibodies or immune cells (T lymphocytes). Extract the attenuated tuberculosis bacteria, which are known to increase the immune response, has been successful when implanted into the bladder to prevent the recurrence of bladder tumors.

Monoclonal antibody therapy involves the use of antibodies generated experimentally to make specific proteins on the surface of cancer cells as targets. Trastuzumab is one of the antibodies, which attack the HER-2/neu receptor present on the surface of cancer cells in 25% of women with breast cancer. Trastuzumab enhance the effects of chemotherapy drugs. Rituximab is highly effective in treating lymphoma and chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Rituximab associated with radioactive isotopes could be used to deliver radiation directly to lymphoma cells. Gemtuzumab ozogamicin, an antibody and a combination drug, is effective in some people with chronic myelocytic leukemia.

Biologic response modifiers improve the ability of the immune system to find and destroy cancer cells, such as by stimulating normal cell to produce a chemical messenger (mediator). Interferon (of which there are several types) is the best-known and very widely used biologic response modifiers. Almost all human cells produce interferon naturally, but can also be made through biotechnology. Although the precise mechanism of the action is not completely clear, interferon has tasks in the treatment of several cancers, such as Kaposi's sarcoma and malignant melanoma. Interleukin 2, which resulted in certain white blood cells, can also help cell carcinoma and metastatic melanoma in the kidney.

Types of Cancer

Types of Cancer
DEFINITION
Cancer Network (malignancies) can occur in the blood and blood forming tissues (leukemias and lymphomas) and tumor 'solid', often categorized cancer. Cancer can be either carcinomas or sarcomas.

Leukemia and lymphoma are cancers of the blood and blood forming tissues. Rather than form a clot, they could remain as a separate cancer cells. Therefore they often harm the body with loss of normal blood cells from the bone marrow and blood flow, so the normal function of cells are gradually replaced by cancer cells.

Carcinomas are cancers of epithelial cells, the cells that protect the body surface, producing hormones, and making glands. Examples carcinomas are skin cancer, lung cancer, colon cancer, stomach cancer, breast cancer, prostate cancer, and cancer of the thyroid gland. Typically, carcinomas are more common in older people than younger people.

Sarcomas are cancers of mesodermal cells, the cells that make up muscles and connective tissue. Examples of sarcomas are leiomyosarcoma (cancer of smooth muscle found in the walls of the digestive organs) and osteosarcoma (bone cancer). Typically, sarcoma occurs more often in younger people than in older people.

Diagnosis of Cancer

Diagnosis of Cancer
DEFINITION
CANCER SCREENING

Cancer screening tests are intended to determine the possibility of cancer. This test could reduce the number of deaths due to cancer, because if cancer is found at the earliest stage, can usually be treated before it spreads further. Screening tests are not definitive, the results confirmed or refuted by examination and further tests.

Although screening tests can save a life, but it is expensive and sometimes lead to psychological or physical reactions. Usually screening tests provide a large number of false positive results, which is thought to occur when the cancer is not. Screening tests can give false negative results, in which no evidence of a cancer when the cancer has occurred.

False-positive results can cause undue psychological stress and can lead to other tests done are expensive and dangerous. False-negative results can melenakan someone in a false sense of security. Because of that medical practitioners should carefully consider whether or not screening tests.

Two screening tests are the most widely used in women is Papanicolau test (Pap smear) to find cervical cancer and mammograms to find breast cancer. Both of these tests have reduced the death rate from these cancers.

Screening tests are often performed on men is measured levels of PSA (prostate-specific agent) in the blood. In patients with prostate cancer, PSA levels are high, but the levels are also increased in men with benign prostate enlargement. Disadvantages of this test is its high cost and frequent false-positive results found.

Other screening tests are often used is to check blood tersermbunyi (occult blood) in the feces. Occult blood can not be seen with the naked eye, should be an examination of stool samples. The discovery of occult blood in the stool are clues that something is wrong in the colon. Maybe some cancers, although other illnesses which may cause small amounts of blood in the stool.

Some screening tests can be done at home. For example, perform monthly breast self-examination is invaluable in helping women find breast cancer. Regularly check the penis can help men discover testicular cancer, a form of cancer that most curable if found at an early stage. Regularly check for sores in the mouth can help discover oral cancer in its early stages.

CANCER DIAGNOSIS

Since this type of cancer and its treatment varies, the diagnosis of cancer and determine its type is very important. This almost always requires taking a sample of tissue for examination under a microscope cancer. A number of special tests on samples of cancer tissue may be necessary to describe more about the cancer is found.

If the type of cancer is known, will assist clinicians in determining the inspection to be carried out, because every cancer tends to follow a certain pattern of growth and spread. In 7% of patients, examinations carried out to find the metastasis (spread) of cancer origin before observed.
Sometimes the origin of cancer can not be found.

Your doctor can usually determine the type of primary tumor with a biopsy of the metastatic cancer and examined under a microscope. However, the identification of cancer is not always easy and sure.

STADIUM DETERMINING CANCER

If cancer is found, staging examinations (staging) cancer helps the doctor plan the appropriate treatment and determine prognosis. A series of checks are used to determine the location of the tumor, its size, its growth into surrounding tissue and spread to other body parts.

Staging can be done using:
•    Scan (eg liver or bone scan)
•    Coloration
•    CT (computed tomography) or MRI (magnetic resonance imaging)
•    Mediastinoskopi
•    A bone marrow biopsy.
Sometimes surgery is needed to determine the stage of cancer. For example, a laparotomy (abdominal surgery) allows surgeons to remove or treat colon cancer while determining the spread of cancer to nearby lymph nodes. Analysis of lymph nodes removed from the armpit at the time of mastectomy, helps determine how far breast cancer has spread and if necessary post-surgical therapy.

Splenectomy performed to remove the spleen and helps determine the stage of Hodgkin's disease. Skening ultrasonic procedure is non-invasive and painless, which uses sound waves to show the structure of the internal organs. This examination helps to determine the size of certain cancers, particularly cancers of kidney, liver, pelvis and prostate.

CT scans are used to find cancer in the brain, lungs and abdominal organs, including the adrenal glands, lymph nodes, liver and spleen.

Limfangiogram is an exam in which dye is injected into the leg and shooting X-rays done. These checks help find defects in the abdominal lymph nodes and determine the stage of Hodgkin's disease and testicular cancer.
With the MRI procedure can find brain cancer, bone and spinal cord.

Introduction of Cancer

Cancer is a scourge for all people, it is because the death rate from cancer is very high. Not only in Indonesia but also in various countries. In the United States, cancer is the number two cause of death. In 2003 there were an estimated 1,334,100 cases with 556,500 deaths by people. While in Europe there are also three new cancer cases each year with a mortality rate of two million. Life expectancy is only 60% of cancer patients compared with non-sufferers. Why cancer is very scary and dangerous? What exactly is cancer?

Origin of Cancer
Cancer is a condition in which the cells have lost normal control mechanisms, so that the growth of abnormal, rapid and uncontrolled. Cancer cells will continue to divide, and ignores the rule of law-breeding law. Cancer can occur from a variety of tissues in various organs, such as skin cells, liver cells, blood cells, brain cells, gastric cells, intestinal cells, lung cells, urinary tract cells, and various other body cells. In line with the growth and breeding, cancer cells form a mass of cancerous tissue to infiltrate nearby tissues (invasive) and can spread (metastasize) throughout the body. Established cancer cells from normal cells in a complex process called transformation, which consists of the stages of initiation and promotion.
In the initiation phase occurs a change in the genetic material of cells into malignant cells provoke. Changes in the cell's genetic material is caused by an agent called carcinogens, which can include chemicals, viruses, radiation (radiation) or sunlight. But not all cells have the same sensitivity to a carcinogen. Genetic abnormalities in cells or other material called a promoter, causing the cells more susceptible to the carcinogens. Even menahunpun physical impairments can make cells more sensitive to having a malignancy.
In the promotion stage, a cell that has undergone initiation will become malignant.
cells that have not passed the stage of initiation is not affected by the promotion. Therefore we need several factors to the occurrence of malignancies (combination of sensitive cells and a carcinogen).
When a cell becomes cancerous, the immune system can often spoil before the malignant cells multiplied and became a cancer. However, if the immune system does not function normally, the body tend to be susceptible to the risk of cancer, as occurs in patients with AIDS, people who are using immunosuppressant drugs and certain autoimmune diseases. But the immune system is not always effective, so that sometimes the cancer can still penetrate this protection even if the immune system to function normally.
In almost all types of cancer, the success rate of therapy is associated with stage at diagnosis and treatment. The higher the stage at diagnosis, the therapeutic efficacy will decrease with more aggressive treatment modalities.
Cancer Risk Factors
It is known that a set of genetic and environmental factors can increase the risk of cancer. Factors that may increase risk include:
1. Family History
Family history is one of the most important factors to remember cancer can be affected by genetic disorders. Some families may have a higher risk for certain cancers when compared to other families, such as a woman's risk for breast cancer increased 1.5-3 times if her mother or sister had breast cancer.
Some breast cancer associated with a genetic mutation characteristic, which is more common in some ethnic groups and families. Women with mutations in this gene have a 80-90% chance of developing breast cancer and 40-50% for ovarian cancer, such as those found in 1% of Ashkenazi Jewish women. Other cancers in families that tend to be inherited skin cancer and colon cancer.

2. Chromosome Abnormalities
For example, a person with down syndrome, which has 3 pieces of chromosome 21, has a 12-20 times higher risk of developing acute leukemia.

3. Environmental Factors
A number of environmental factors can increase the risk of cancer, the most important one is smoking. Smoking increases the risk of cancers of the lung, mouth, larynx (vocal cords) and the bladder.
Other environmental factors such as excessive exposure to ultraviolet rays, especially from the sun causes skin cancer.
Moreover, r adiasi ionization (which is carcinogenic) used in x-rays, generated from nuclear power plants and atomic bombs and can reach great distances, can also increase the risk of cancer. For example, survivors of the atomic bombs dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki during World War II, have increased risk of developing leukemia. Exposure to uranium miners also increase the risk of lung cancer 10-20 years later, and this risk will be higher if the miners also smoked.

4. Food
Food is another important risk factor for cancer, particularly cancers of the digestive tract. For example, eating foods that contain lots of smoked and pickled foods (in pickled form) may increase the risk of gastric cancer. Alcoholics also have a higher risk for esophageal cancer.
When a person eats food that is high in fiber, it can reduce the likelihood of colon cancer. Reduce fat to less than 30% of total calories, will reduce the risk of colon cancer, breast and protat.

5. Chemicals
Many chemicals are known to cause cancer and many others are suspected of causing cancer. Exposure to certain chemicals may increase the risk of cancer after a few years later, for example, exposure to asbestos can cause lung cancer and mesothelioma (cancer of the pleura), and skin cancer are found in paint workers and workers who clean the chimney because of the content of hydrocarbons .

6. Residence
The risk of cancer also varies based on residence person. For example, the risk of colon and breast cancer in Japan is low, but the risk is increased in Japanese people living in America and in the end will have the same risk amount with the other Americans. Uniquely, the Japanese have the incidence of gastric cancer is very high: but the Japanese people who were born in the United States this figure is lower.
Geographic variation in cancer risk is presumably involves many factors, which is a combination of genetics, diet and environment.

7. Virus
Some viruses are known to cause cancer in humans and other virus suspected of causing cancer. These cancer-causing viruses called oncogenic viruses. For example, papilloma virus that causes genital warts is probably one of the causes of cervical cancer in women, causing Kaposi's sarcoma cytomegalovirus, hepatitis B virus and hepatitis C can cause liver cancer, although a carcinogen or promoter is not known.
In Africa, the Epstein-Barr virus causes Burkitt's lymphoma, while in China this virus causes cancer of the nose and throat. Clearly, some additional factors (environmental or genetic), required for the cancers caused by the virus Epstein-Barr. Some human retro viruses, such as HIV, can cause lymphoma and other blood cancers.

8. Infection
Infection by the parasite Schistosoma (bilharzia) may cause bladder cancer due to chronic irritation of the bladder. but other chronic irritants do not cause cancer. Infection by Clonorchis, which primarily are found in the far east, can cause cancer of the pancreas and bile ducts.

9. Hormone
Hormones are substances produced by the body that berfungs regulate the activities of organs. Diethyl Stilbestrol, an artificial sex hormone that is commonly used to fatten livestock, proven as the cause of cervical cancer, breast cancer and other reproductive organs.
In some studies, it is known that certain hormone excess can cause cancer in the affected organs, such as breast, uterus, ovary and prostate. Effect of hormone that can lead to cancer can not be known with certainty.
Cancer Epidemiology
Over time, the cancer risk is also changing. Cancer that was often found now rare. For example, in America, in 1930 gastric cancer 4 times more common than it is now. Meanwhile, the incidence of lung cancer in America in 1930 is 5 out of every 100,000 people increased to 114 out of every 100,000 in 1990, and the incidence is higher in women soar. These changes are most likely a result of increased use of cigarettes, not to mention the women. Smoking also leads to increased oral cancer.
In an epidemiological study on cancer, is expected to increase 99% in 2010 patients in developing countries than in 1985. While in developed countries, an increase in the number of people estimated to be only 38%. This suggests that cancer is a serious problem in developing countries in the future.
In Indonesia, the problem of cancer seen an incredible spike. In the last 10 years, it appears that cancer ranks as the leading cause of death rose, from rank 12 to rank six. Every year there were an estimated 190 thousand new cases and a fifth will die from the disease. However, the death rate from this cancer could be reduced 3-35 percent, as long as the action prevalence, screening and early detection. For example, by doing a pap smear test for women who have been sexually active can reduce cervical cancer mortality. For the record, if someone is convicted of women with cancer that cancer disease in the category of stage one, the life expectancy of five years will reach 90 percent. Stage two, 65 percent, stage three, 15-20 percent, and a four-stage life expectancy of less than five percent.
Age is also an important factor in the occurrence of cancer. Some cancers, such as Wilms tumor, acute lymphocytic leukemia and Burkitt's lymphoma, a lot of attacking a young age. But most cancers are more common in the elderly. Prostate, stomach and colon, most likely occurs after the age of 60 years. In America, more than 60% of cancers diagnosed in people aged over 65 years.
Overall, the risk of cancer in the United States increased 2-fold every 5 years after age 25. Increased risk of cancer in the elderly may be a mix of rising and increases the length of time of exposure to a carcinogen and the weakening of the immune system due to age.
Always 'alert'
The earlier cancer is found, the greater the hope of healing. Identify and note the seven signs of danger in the ALERT. Further Consult your doctor if there is any sign below which do not heal within a few weeks. Signs to watch out and shortened to CAUTION is:

W: When small bowel or there is a change of habit or disorder
A: Tools disturbed digestion and swallowing difficulty
S: Hoarseness or a cough that will not go away
Q: Breast or anywhere else there is a bump
A: Andeng-Andeng (moles) are changed in character, becoming increasingly large and scratchy
D: Blood or abnormal mucus out of the body
A: There sores or ulcers that do not heal

In the early stages, the cancer to grow without causing any complaints or symptoms. This often leads to people who have cancer do not realize it. When you have symptoms or give complaint, normally the disease has continued. Therefore, when palpable lumps or other abnormalities such as found in WATCH although it did not bother, to watch and suspected cancer to prove that it was not cancer.
Sources:
- Www.medicastore.com, Disease Information: Cancer
- Supplements Medika AP, Tuesday, March 8, 2005, "EVERY YEAR IS 190 THOUSAND NEW PATIENTS"
- Health Plus magazine, October 2003 issue, "HOPE ON CANCER"
- Dr. Setiawan Dalimartha, "TRADITIONAL INGREDIENTS FOR CANCER TREATMENT", Series Agrisehat, spreader Governmental, Jakarta, 2004